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Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt, the authors of ”Black Flame”, write that syndicalism was born in the 1860s at the time of the First Internatonal. I understand what drives them to such a statement. There is indeed a real proximity between syndicalism and the practse of the Jura Federaton as described by Bakunin. But it is historically inaccurate to say that syndicalism was born in 1860, or 1870.